The first self-described transhumanists met formally in the early 1980s at the University of California, Los Angeles, which became the main center of transhumanist thought. La différence entre transhumanisme et post-humanisme est assez nette. Définition. twitter; facebook; youtube; Parler; Menu. Il est aussi lié au pessimisme de la post-modernité, né à la suite des grandes tragédies du XXe siècle qui ont produit un scepticisme face aux thèses humanistes et universalistes des Lumières. Human Purpose and Transhuman Potential: A Cosmic Vision of Our Future Evolution, Ted Chu 2014, The thinker's guide to ethical reasoning, Linda Elder and Richard Paul 2013, How to Think about Weird Things: Critical Thinking for a New Age Theodore Schick, Ten Billion Tomorrows: How Science Fiction Technology Became Reality and Shapes the Future, Brian Clegg 2015, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, pace of technological innovation is accelerating, obsessions with slenderness, youth and physical perfection, Institute on Biotechnology and the Human Future, Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future, Existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence, "We May Look Crazy to Them, But They Look Like Zombies to Us: Transhumanism as a Political Challenge", https://www.wsj.com/articles/looking-forward-to-the-end-of-humanity-11592625661, "Immortality 2.0: a silicon valley insider looks at California's Transhumanist movement", "Journal of Posthuman Studies: Philosophy, Technology, Media", "Godwin, William (1756–1836) – Introduction", "Nietzsche, the Overhuman, and Transhumanism", "Editorial: Nietzsche and European Posthumanisms", "Art works by Russian cosmism painter XX – XXI ct. Catalogue of exhibition 2013 | Soviet Era Museum", "Google's Glass Castle: The Rise and Fear of a Transhuman Future", "Speculations Concerning the First Ultraintelligent Machine", "When will computer hardware match the human brain? Retrouvez-moi sur twitter : https://twitter.com/N3o_RPJ'espère que ça vous a plu ! [89][90], The first dialogue between transhumanism and faith was a one-day conference held at the University of Toronto in 2004. Archives des marqueurs 'transhumanisme' Les révolutions du XXI° siècle. L'homme est, dans cette doctrine, considéré comme un être insuffisant et limité qui peut être amélioré et dont les capacités doivent être augmentées. Transhumanisme : de quoi s’agit-il ? He argues that the transhumanist program is an attempt to channel that desire into a scientific project on par with the Human Genome Project and achieve humanity's oldest hope, rather than a puerile fantasy or social trend. Selon les philosophes ayant étudié l'histoire du transhumanisme , son transcendantalisme s'inscrit dans un courant de pensée remontant à l'Antiquité : la quête d'immortalité de l'Épopée de Gilgamesh ou les quêtes de la fontaine de Jouvence et de l'élixir de longue vie, au même titre que tous les efforts ayant visé à empêcher le vieillissement et la mort, en sont l'expression. However, bioethicist James Hughes suggests that one possible ethical route to the genetic manipulation of humans at early developmental stages is the building of computer models of the human genome, the proteins it specifies and the tissue engineering he argues that it also codes for. On lit souvent des phrases telles que "Mieux vaut être très humain que transhumain ! 2018. Les progrès techniques exigent que nous nous demandions ce que nous voulons faire par rapport à l’humain, et pourquoi. Le transhumanisme cherche à développer les possibilités techniques qui nous permettrons de surmonter nos limites biologiques par les progrès technologiques. Elle peut être remise en question et contestée, le principe de la philosophie étant de se questionner sur l’Homme et le monde. Hank Pellissier, managing director of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies (2011–2012), surveyed transhumanists. There is debate about whether the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche can be considered an influence on transhumanism, despite its exaltation of the "Übermensch" (overman or superman), due to its emphasis on self-actualization rather than technological transformation. [29] FM-2030 published the Upwingers Manifesto in 1973.[30]. There is no more individual consciousness, only the will of mankind as a whole.[22]. [71], A belief of counter-transhumanism is that transhumanism can cause unfair human enhancement in many areas of life, but specifically on the social plane. Therefore, on the specific issue of an emerging genetic divide due to unequal access to human enhancement technologies, bioethicist James Hughes, in his 2004 book Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future, argues that progressives or, more precisely, techno-progressives must articulate and implement public policies (i.e., a universal health care voucher system that covers human enhancement technologies) in order to attenuate this problem as much as possible, rather than trying to ban human enhancement technologies. Performing experiments, particularly ones with permanent biological consequences, on developing humans would thus be in violation of accepted principles governing research on human subjects (see the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki). [24] Over the succeeding decades, this field continued to generate influential thinkers such as Hans Moravec and Raymond Kurzweil, who oscillated between the technical arena and futuristic speculations in the transhumanist vein. Ce dépassement est-il compatible avec l'humanisme ? Le transhumanisme est un mouvement social complexe qui associe le développement technologique dans l'informatique et la biotechnologie à des considérations idéologiques et philosophiques, l'ensemble étant soutenu par une poussée économique considérable. Zoltan Istvan a créé en 2014 un parti Transhumaniste. Yet another consequence of enhancing the human form not only cognitively, but physically, will be the reinforcement of "desirable" traits which are perpetuated by the dominant social structure. Transhumanisme Définition. transhumanisme Le transhumanisme est un mouvement radical qui favorise la transformation de la condition humaine. Non. Définitions de transhumanisme. (Philosophie et idéologies trans/posthumanistes, p. 113). Many of the leading transhumanist thinkers hold views that are under constant revision and development. This "surveillance" of society dictates how the majority of individuals choose to express themselves aesthetically. It has been argued that, in transhumanist thought, humans attempt to substitute themselves for God. The statement also argues that creation of a superhuman or spiritually superior being is "unthinkable", since true improvement can come only through religious experience and "realizing more fully the image of God". Disponible à l'adresse : http://www.atlantico.fr/decryptage/425-millions-dollars-pour-500-ans-esperance-vie-humaine-que-reserve-combat-google-contre-mort-fabrice-epelboin-laurent-alexandre-2035324.html. [146] Most transhumanists holding similar views nonetheless distance themselves from the term "eugenics" (preferring "germinal choice" or "reprogenetics")[135] to avoid having their position confused with the discredited theories and practices of early-20th-century eugenic movements. [2][12][13][14] The transhumanist philosophies of Max More and Stefan Lorenz Sorgner have been influenced strongly by Nietzschean thinking. Le fait de pouvoir se présenter aux élections présidentielles américaines montre une capacité financière et humaine importante, mais il est difficile d'en évaluer l'ampleur exacte. This argument, elaborated in particular by the biologist Stuart Newman, is based on the recognition that cloning and germline genetic engineering of animals are error-prone and inherently disruptive of embryonic development. [105] Some speculate that human enhancement techniques and other emerging technologies may facilitate more radical human enhancement no later than at the midpoint of the 21st century. C’est exactement ce qui se passe avec le transhumanisme. Some critics of libertarian transhumanism have focused on the likely socioeconomic consequences in societies in which divisions between rich and poor are on the rise. Philosophie. Spend money on wars against cancer, heart disease, and diabetes—not on wars in far-off countries, Le procès de Galilée et ses enjeux idéologiques, Epistémologie, méthode et paradigme scientifique, Méthodes et paradigmes en sciences humaines, Psychologie, représentation, langage, cognition, https://philosciences.com/philosophie-et-societe/ideologie-croyance-societe/141-transhumanisme, http://www.atlantico.fr/decryptage/425-millions-dollars-pour-500-ans-esperance-vie-humaine-que-reserve-combat-google-contre-mort-fabrice-epelboin-laurent-alexandre-2035324.html, https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/la-grande-table-2eme-partie/trans-posthumanisme-et-lhumain-dans-tout-ca. This can be compared to steroid use, where athletes who use steroids in sports have an advantage over those who do not. The latter, he argues, might actually worsen the problem by making these technologies unsafe or available only to the wealthy on the local black market or in countries where such a ban is not enforced. The biologist Julian Huxley is generally regarded as the founder of transhumanism after using the term for the title of an influential 1957 article. [37] In 2002, the WTA modified and adopted The Transhumanist Declaration. Le terme post-humanisme fait référence à un post-humain ayant éventuellement quitté son statut peu enviable d’humain. Alors que la modernité voulait un progrès scientifique et technique dans un cadre humaniste, on voit que le transhumanisme prétend s'affranchir de ce qui semble pourtant constituer l'humain. [117] It emphasizes the issue of biocomplexity and the unpredictability of attempts to guide the development of products of biological evolution. Spend money on wars against cancer, heart disease, and diabetes—not on wars in far-off countries. This includes increasing the neuron count and connectivity in animals as well as accelerating the development of connectivity in order to shorten or ideally skip non-sapient childhood incapable of independently deciding for oneself. [88] Transhumanism and its presumed intellectual progenitors have also been described as neo-gnostic by non-Christian and secular commentators. La première définition du transhumanisme tel qu’il est entendu aujourd’hui ne sera donc donnée qu’en 1990 par Max More. C’est le côté idéologique du transhumanisme qui n’est en rien négligeable. [108] There has already been a brain research program to "extend the ability to manage information", while military scientists are now looking at stretching the human capacity for combat to a maximum 168 hours without sleep. take an abstract and theoretical approach to the perceived benefits of emerging technologies, others have offered specific proposals for modifications to the human body, including heritable ones. Diffusez l'article parmi vous amis ! [37] Despite the prevailing secular attitude, some transhumanists pursue hopes traditionally espoused by religions, such as immortality,[76] while several controversial new religious movements from the late 20th century have explicitly embraced transhumanist goals of transforming the human condition by applying technology to the alteration of the mind and body, such as Raëlism. Le versant éthique de l'humanisme prône la dignité et la valeur de tous les individus humains, ce qui implique une égalité sociale. B. S. Haldane and members of his circle. In 2002 he had a 100 electrode array surgically implanted into the median nerves of his left arm in order to link his nervous system directly with a computer and thus to also connect with the internet. [145] In their 2000 book From Chance to Choice: Genetics and Justice, non-transhumanist bioethicists Allen Buchanan, Dan Brock, Norman Daniels and Daniel Wikler have argued that liberal societies have an obligation to encourage as wide an adoption of eugenic enhancement technologies as possible (so long as such policies do not infringe on individuals' reproductive rights or exert undue pressures on prospective parents to use these technologies) in order to maximize public health and minimize the inequalities that may result from both natural genetic endowments and unequal access to genetic enhancements. [43][44], The Mormon Transhumanist Association was founded in 2006. [57] Reflecting a strain of feminist criticism of the transhumanist program, philosopher Susan Bordo points to "contemporary obsessions with slenderness, youth and physical perfection", which she sees as affecting both men and women, but in distinct ways, as "the logical (if extreme) manifestations of anxieties and fantasies fostered by our culture. [27] In 1972, Robert Ettinger, whose 1964 Prospect of Immortality founded the cryonics movement,[28] contributed to the conceptualization of "transhumanity" with his 1972 Man into Superman. Pic de l… Accueil; Transhumanisme. [100] Depending on their age, some[who?] Son acception du terme technique est large, car il considère le langage comme une technique. Why Not?" [65], Certain transhumanist philosophers hold that since all assumptions about what others experience are fallible, and that therefore all attempts to help or protect beings that are not capable of correcting what others assume about them no matter how well-intentioned are in danger of actually hurting them, all sentient beings deserve to be sapient. The very notion and prospect of human enhancement and related issues arouse public controversy. Transhumanism shares many elements of humanism, including a respect for reason and science, a commitment to progress, and a valuing of human (or transhuman) existence in this life. On another front, some authors consider that humanity is already transhuman, because medical advances in recent centuries have significantly altered our species. Par exemple, durant l'année 2015, Bill Maris, l'homme à la tête de Google Ventures, le fond de placement de l'entreprise chargée d'investir dans les jeunes start-ups digitales, disposera de 425 millions de dollars à placer. Derrière le transhumanisme se cachent une multitude d’idées et de courants, aux racines méconnues et souvent caricaturées. Though some, such as Kevin Warwick, propose modification of the peripheral nervous system, the brain is considered the common denominator of personhood and is thus a primary focus of transhumanist ambitions. [102], Other transhumanists, such as cyborg artist Neil Harbisson, use technologies and techniques to improve their senses and perception of reality. who defend the likelihood of accelerating change point to a past pattern of exponential increases in humanity's technological capacities. [66][67][68][69], Transhumanists engage in interdisciplinary approaches to understand and evaluate possibilities for overcoming biological limitations by drawing on futurology and various fields of ethics. [25][26] The coalescence of an identifiable transhumanist movement began in the last decades of the 20th century. Département de philosophie, de logique et de méthodologie scientifique École d’économie de Londres. La philosophie transhumaniste trouve cependant ses racines dans l'humanisme de la Renaissance et dans la philosophie des Lumières. Changer l'humain serait positif, car cela pourrait signifier la libération des contraintes de la nature, comme la maladie ou la mort. Fyodorov.[16]. A propos de Leurre et malheur du transhumanisme. With the exponential progress in bioinformatics, Hughes believes that a virtual model of genetic expression in the human body will not be far behind and that it will soon be possible to accelerate approval of genetic modifications by simulating their effects on virtual humans. [123][124], Other critics target what they claim to be an instrumental conception of the human body in the writings of Marvin Minsky, Hans Moravec and some other transhumanists. [121][122] On the other hand, religious thinkers allied with transhumanist goals such as the theologians Ronald Cole-Turner and Ted Peters hold that the doctrine of "co-creation" provides an obligation to use genetic engineering to improve human biology. One may be incapable of breeding with the other, and may by consequence of lower physical health and ability, be considered of a lower moral standing than the other.[73]. Selon son président Marc Roux, elle se réclame ouvertement du "Technoprogressisme", autre nom du Transhumanisme démocratique. Cette effervescence idéologique est en relation avec l'économie de la Silicon Valley et son évolution industrielle. [81] Transhumanist Buddhists have sought to explore areas of agreement between various types of Buddhism and Buddhist-derived meditation and mind-expanding neurotechnologies. Primary changes to their own form and character would arise not from cyberware, but from the direct manipulation of their genetics, metabolism and biochemistry. [136] In his 2002 book Our Posthuman Future and in a 2004 Foreign Policy magazine article, political economist and philosopher Francis Fukuyama designates transhumanism as the world's most dangerous idea because he believes that it may undermine the egalitarian ideals of democracy (in general) and liberal democracy (in particular) through a fundamental alteration of "human nature". Les repères traditionnels de la parenté sont qualifiés d'archaïques, ce qui veut dire ancien, mais aussi inutiles et dépassés. Cyborgs, robots, algorithmes, fin du travail, immortalité, posthumanisme, technophilie, homme-dieu... Retrouvez les principaux auteurs et ouvrages concernant ce domaine de la philosophie, ainsi que les principales problématiques rencontrées. Transhumanist philosophers argue that there not only exists a perfectionist ethical imperative for humans to strive for progress and improvement of the human condition, but that it is possible and desirable for humanity to enter a transhuman phase of existence in which humans enhance themselves beyond what is naturally human. 5L’immortalité est décidément devenue chose banale, et l’on accueille avec de plus en plus de respect ceux qui font métier d’inciter les technosciences à lui donner crédibilité et acceptabilité, en l’occurrence : les mouvements transhumanistes. She characterizes these ideas as "quasi-scientific dreams and prophesies" involving visions of escape from the body coupled with "self-indulgent, uncontrolled power-fantasies". [25] Moravec's ideas and transhumanism have also been characterised as a "complacent" or "apocalyptic" variant of posthumanism and contrasted with "cultural posthumanism" in humanities and the arts. Le désir de parvenir à immortalité n’est pas le fruit d’un égocentrisme exacerbé, mais la manifestation de notre désir naturel de nous conserver. Le transhumanisme, c’est la perspective d’un être humain immortel grâce à la technologie implantée dans son corps. Hottois G., Philosophie et idéologies trans/posthumanistes, Paris, Vrin, 2017. [114], Although generally sympathetic to transhumanism, public health professor Gregory Stock is skeptical of the technical feasibility and mass appeal of the cyborgization of humanity predicted by Raymond Kurzweil, Hans Moravec and Kevin Warwick. [98], In fact, Warwick has gone a lot further than merely making a proposal. Il est philosophiquement ambigu, car il se déclare humaniste, mais aussi enclin à supposer un dépassement de l'humain. Celle-ci demande des régulations et des redistributions, car la vie économique et sociale telle qu'elle est actuellement augmente sans cesse les inégalités ; l'utilisation de techniques d'amélioration réservées à certains pourraient encore les aggraver. Transhumanisme : définition, synonymes, citations, traduction dans le dictionnaire de la langue française. Sous la direction de Yves Charles Zarka. Political scientist Klaus-Gerd Giesen, in particular, has asserted that transhumanism's concentration on altering the human body represents the logical yet tragic consequence of atomized individualism and body commodification within a consumer culture. Définition. While many transhumanist theorists and advocates seek to apply reason, science and technology for the purposes of reducing poverty, disease, disability and malnutrition around the globe,[38] transhumanism is distinctive in its particular focus on the applications of technologies to the improvement of human bodies at the individual level. SUCCÈS DU TRANSHUMANISME « Du point de vue informatif, Real Humans ne présente rien de bouleversant : la série rassemble l’ensemble des interrogations suscitées par la robotique. Nick Bostrom argues that even barring the occurrence of a singular global catastrophic event, basic Malthusian and evolutionary forces facilitated by technological progress threaten to eliminate the positive aspects of human society. 7) Advocate for real-time democracy using available new technologies. In this view, transhumanism is just another representative of the long line of utopian movements which seek to create "heaven on earth". Habermas thus suggests that the human "species ethic" would be undermined by embryo-stage genetic alteration. However, Rees does not advocate a halt to scientific activity. En 1957, le biologiste Julian Huxley, le frère d'Aldous Huxley, a été l'un des premiers à employer le mot "transhumanisme". In 1986, Eric Drexler published Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology,[35] which discussed the prospects for nanotechnology and molecular assemblers, and founded the Foresight Institute. - Le transhumanisme ne veut pas simplement nous améliorer grâce aux progrès techniques : il veut un changement d’espèce. Le transhumanisme est une philosophie de la confiance en la technique qui résume tout ce que l’humanité peut avoir d’utile à faire du monde. Neurochirurgienne et docteure en philosophie, Anne-Laure Boch nous offre une vision du transhumanisme à l'opposé des discours enthousiastes de la … C’est ce qu’assure dans cette tribune Terence Ericson, lecteur d’Usbek & Rica. Harbisson's antenna, which is permanently implanted in his skull, allows him to sense colours beyond human perception such as infrareds and ultraviolets. Transhumanisme et héritage prométhéen: cartographie des mondes posthumains. According to legal scholar Kirsten Rabe Smolensky, existing laws would protect parents who choose to enhance their child's genome from future liability arising from adverse outcomes of the procedure. According to Nick Bostrom, transcendentalist impulses have been expressed at least as far back as the quest for immortality in the Epic of Gilgamesh, as well as in historical quests for the Fountain of Youth, the Elixir of Life, and other efforts to stave off aging and death. The study of the ramifications, promises, and potential dangers of technologies that will enable us to overcome fundamental human limitations, and the related study of the ethical matters involved in developing and using such technologies. They believe that humans can and should use these technologies to become more than human. [119], Transhumanists and other supporters of human genetic engineering do not dismiss practical concerns out of hand, insofar as there is a high degree of uncertainty about the timelines and likely outcomes of genetic modification experiments in humans. In the Discourse, Descartes envisioned a new kind of medicine that could grant both physical immortality and stronger minds. La plupart des transhumanistes son athées et matérialistes. Generally, however, they counter that proposals based on the precautionary principle are often unrealistic and sometimes even counter-productive as opposed to the technogaian current of transhumanism, which they claim is both realistic and productive. [91] Religious critics alone faulted the philosophy of transhumanism as offering no eternal truths nor a relationship with the divine. Transhumanisme, entre fascination et illusions, avec le mathématicien Olivier Rey et le philosophe Mark Hunyadi. Alternatively, they argue that implementation of such technologies would likely lead to the "naturalizing" of social hierarchies or place new means of control in the hands of totalitarian regimes. Une bonne définition de ce qu'est le transhumanisme. [135] The 1997 film Gattaca depicts a dystopian society in which one's social class depends entirely on genetic potential and is often cited by critics in support of these views. The philosophy of transhumanism is closely related to technoself studies, an interdisciplinary domain of scholarly research dealing with all aspects of human identity in a technological society and focusing on the changing nature of relationships between humans and technology.[60]. Pouvoir améliorer son corps, optimiser sa santé et ses compétences par le biais de la technologie… Voici la vision du transhumanisme.. Découvrons ensemble ce mouvement, et voyons si ces prédictions pour l’homme du futur sont possibles. [23], Computer scientist Marvin Minsky wrote on relationships between human and artificial intelligence beginning in the 1960s. Fundamental ideas of transhumanism were first advanced in 1923 by the British geneticist J.
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