He was included on Prospect’s World Thinkers list, the youngest person in the top 15. Technological revolutions are among the most important things that happen to humanity. Or could our dignity perhaps be technologically enhanced? Consider the writings of two well-known proponents of human enhancement: Nick Bostrom and Ray Kurzweil. Original essays by various prominent moral philosophers on the ethics of human enhancement. The embryo selection during IVF can be vastly potentiated when the technology for stem-cell derived gametes becomes available for use in humans. ... Bostrom. [4] Hij heeft een omkeringstest voorgesteld om zo de status quo in bio-ethische discussies over human enhancement te doorbreken. Some new ideas related to the challenge of endowing a hypothetical future superintelligent AI with values that would cause it to act in ways that are beneficial. How do we know if we are headed in the right direction? We explore a variety of potential cures, and discover that none works perfectly and all have serious side-effects. Hij is een criticus van bio-conservatieve opvattingen. ", www.fhi.ox.ac.uk—Future of Humanity Institute, www.anthropic-principle.com—Papers on observational selection effects, www.existential-risk.org—Human extinction scenarios and related concerns, ON THE BANK In the broadest sense, the process of human enhancement can be considered as an improvement of the ‘limitations’ of a ‘natural version’ of the human species with respect to a specific reference in time, and to different environments, which can vary depending on factors such as, for example, climate change. Nick Bostrom (geboren als Niklas Boström) (Helsingborg, 10 maart 1973) is een Zweeds filosoof die verbonden is aan de Universiteit van Oxford. Interviewed by Martin Eiermann about existential risks, genetic enhancements, and ethical discourses about technological progress. We then review some of ethical issues arising from these technologies. In this paper, we survey the current state of the art in cognitive enhancement methods and consider their prospects for the near-term future. 15-minute interview about status quo bias in bioethics, and the "reversal test" by which such bias might be cured. Bostrom stelt dat ten minste een van de onderstaande uitspraken zeer waarschijnlijk juist is: De onderstaande vergelijking wordt gebruikt om deze drie stellingen te kwantificeren:[11]. ", Response to 2011 Edge Question: "What scientific concept would improve everybody's cognitive toolkit? Existential risks are ways in which we could screw up badly and permanently. What properties should we want a proposal for an AI governance pathway to have? Bostrom was in 2009 de ontvanger van de Eugene R. Gannon Award for the Continued Pursuit of Human Advancement. Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 18 jan 2021 om 20:41. What is Church’s style is human enhancement. According to Francis Fukuyama, yes. Aan de oppervlakte is Bostroms simulatie-hypothese een voorbeeld van een sceptische hypothese, een voorstel met betrekking tot de aard van de werkelijkheid, dat naar voren wordt gebracht om overtuigingen te bevragen. The Sleeping Beauty problem is an important test stone for theories about self-locating belief. On anthropic selection theory and the simulation argument. It has applications in technology policy and many other areas. What could count as negative evidence? Transhumanismus (von lateinisch trans ‚jenseits, über, hinaus‘ und humanus ‚menschlich‘) ist eine philosophische Denkrichtung, die die Grenzen menschlicher Möglichkeiten, sei es intellektuell, physisch oder psychisch, durch den Einsatz technologischer Verfahren erweitern will.Die Interessen und Werte der Menschheit werden als „Verpflichtung zum Fortschritt“ angesehen. 493-506, Professor Nick Bostrom | People | Oxford Martin School, "The ideas interview: Nick Bostrom; John Sutherland meets a transhumanist who wrestles with the ethics of technologically enhanced human beings", Foreign Policy's First Annual List of the 100 Top Global Thinkers | Foreign Policy, Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen, Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya, Nederlandse Thesaurus van Auteursnamen Persoon ID, https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nick_Bostrom&oldid=58064478, Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken, Geen beschaving zal het technologisch niveau bereiken dat het op grote schaal produceren van. Some one hundred people collaborated with me in creating this text. Preliminary survey of various issues related to the idea of using boxing methods to safely contain a superintelligent oracle AI. But St. Thomas Aquinas provided the most celebrated and still discussed the main outlines of just war theory.. Just War Theory traditionally has two sets of criteria. Cosmological Constant and the Final Anthropic Hypothesis, Quantity of Experience: Brain-Duplication and Degrees of Consciousness, Crucial Considerations and Wise Philanthropy. Short article summarizing some of the key issues and offering specific recommendations, illustrating the opportunity and need for "smart policy": the integration into public policy of a broad-spectrum of approaches aimed at protecting and enhancing cognitive capacities and epistemic performance of individuals and institutions. Bostrom’s widely influential work, which traverses philosophy, science, ethics, and technology, has illuminated the links between our present actions and long-term global outcomes, thereby casting a new light on the human condition. Response to 2008 Edge Question: "What have you changed your mind about? In aanvulling op zijn academische publicaties en zijn schrijven voor de populaire pers, treedt Bostrom veelvuldig op in de media. It follows that the naïve transhumanist dogma that there is a significant chance that we will one day become posthumans who run ancestor-simulations is false, unless we are currently living in a simulation. Human beings are a marvel of evolved complexity. Het is ook nauw verwant aan het fenomenalisme. Als zodanig bestaat er een lange geschiedenis van de onderliggende stelling dat de realiteit van een illusie is. For more, see e.g. The introductory chapter from the book: 1–22, A transhumanist ethical framework for public policy regarding genetic enhancements, particularly human germ-line genetic engineering, Anthology chapter on the ethics of human enhancement. Paper is somewhat obscure. If we enhance ourselves using technology, however, we can go out there and realize these values. ", Strategic Implications of Openness in AI Development, Public Policy and Superintelligent AI: A Vector Field Approach, Hail Mary, Value Porosity, and Utility Diversification, The Unilateralist's Curse: The Case for a Principle of Conformity, The Reversal Test: Eliminating Status Quo Bias in Applied Ethics, Astronomical Waste: The Opportunity Cost of Delayed Technological Development, Enhancement Ethics: The State of the Debate, Human Genetic Enhancements: A Transhumanist Perspective, Ethical Issues In Advanced Artificial Intelligence, Smart Policy: Cognitive Enhancement and the Public Interest, Recent Developments in the Ethics, Science, and Politics of Life-Extension, Why I Want to be a Posthuman When I Grow Up, Where Are They? This paper discusses four families of scenarios for humanity’s future: extinction, recurrent collapse, plateau, and posthumanity. How to make a difference in research: interview for 80,000 Hours, On cognitive enhancement and status quo bias. Hij houdt er ernstig rekening mee dat de wereld waarin we leven een illusie en wellicht een zeer geavanceerde computersimulatie is. Before the light goes out leaving us Bostrom staat positief ten opzichte van 'human enhancement" of "zelf-verbetering en menselijke vervolmaking door middel van de ethische toepassing van de natuurwetenschappen". Buy many copies now! Somatic gene and cell therapies are widely seen as morally acceptable. Bostrom heeft betoogd dat het juiste begrip van het antropisch principe door middel van zijn "Strong Self-Sampling Assumption" argument moet verlopen: Elk waarnemer-moment moeten redeneren alsof het willekeurig geselecteerd is uit de klasse van alle waarnemer-momenten in zijn referentieklasse. Since an infinite cardinal quantity is unchanged by the addition or subtraction of a finite quantity, it looks as though you can't change the value of the world. In 2005 werd hij benoemd tot directeur van het aan de Universiteit van Oxford nieuw opgerichte Future of Humanity Institute. These communication efforts are sometimes complicated by information hazard concerns. Given some assumptions, aggregative ethics implies that such a world contains an infinite amount of positive value and an infinite amount of negative value. And he’s been making a broad case that CRISPR can do more than eliminate disease genes. The HGP began officially in October 1990, but its origins go back earlier. First, some posthuman modes of being would be extremely worthwhile. (This is a summary of a chapter in a book I often used in university classes: Thirteen Theories of Human Nature.Phrases in brackets are my commentaries.) St. Augustine commented on the morality of war from a Christian perspective, as did several Arabic commentators from the 9th to the 12th centuries. Voor het zwakke antropische principe zou dit kunnen corresponderen met alle reële of potentiële waarnemer-momenten in ons universum. To answer that, we need to consider observation selection effects. Human enhancement technologies can impact human identity by affecting one's self-conception. Bostrom and British philosopher David Pearce founded the World Transhumanist Association in 1998 as a nonprofit organization dedicated to working with those social institutions to promote and guide the development of human-enhancement technologies and to combat those social forces seemingly dedicated to halting such technological progress. We are busy here preparing This paper sketches a transhumanist axiology. Observer-relative chances in anthropic reasoning? Original essays by various prominent moral philosophers on the ethics of human enhancement. They can, however, be important. But what happens in intermediary cases? [10] In deze conceptie moet elk waarnemer-moment worden geanalyseerd alsof het uit een willekeurige steekproef afkomstig is. Hij spreekt dan over aan transhumanisme-gerelateerde onderwerpen, zoals klonen, kunstmatige intelligentie, superintelligentie, geestverhuizing, cryonisme, nanotechnologie en het simulatie-argument. [2][3] Hij is een criticus van bio-conservatieve opvattingen. Have Korb and Oliver refuted the doomsday argument? Bostrom is in het bezit van een PhD van de London School of Economics (2000). Some have argued that because blind evolutionary processes produced human intelligence on Earth, it should be feasible for clever human engineers to create human-level artificial intelligence in the not-too-distant future. Fondements idéologiques. Hij is momenteel als onderdeel van de Oxford Martin School (een onderdeel van de Universiteit van Oxford) directeur van zowel het Future of Humanity Institute als het Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology.[1]. Wonderful ways of being may be located in the "posthuman realm", but we can't reach them. This is my response. If humanity goes extinct, it stays extinct. Hij is een van de grondleggers van het transhumanisme. ", Response to 2010 Edge Question: "How is the Internet changing the way you think? The extinction scenario is perhaps the one least affected by extending the timeframe of consideration. Here's one account of how it happened. In this context, it especially interesting to note that in debates on pre-natal enhancement, the notion of dignity is appealed to in defense of respecting the human species as such (Bostrom, 2005; Habermas, 2005). The document represents an effort to develop a broadly based consensus articulation of the basics of responsible transhumanism. Bostrom has written a tale about a dragon that terrorizes a kingdom and people who submit to the dragon rather than fighting it. Transhumanism: The World's Most Dangerous Idea? If you need to contact me directly (I regret I am not always able to respond to emails): Email hidden by javascript, enable to view. Enhancement enthusiasts, on the other hand, embrace the possibility that biomedicine might change human nature for the better, and some even look forward to the emergence of the trans-humans or post-persons as the next step in (intentionally directed) human evolution (Bostrom … These are resources that an advanced civilization could have used to create value-structures, such as sentient beings living worthwhile lives... Cosmology shows that we might well be living in an infinite universe that contains infinitely many happy and sad people. The FHI works closely with the effective altruism community (e.g., we share office space with the Centre for Effective Altruism) as well as with AI leaders, philanthropic foundations, and other policymakers, scientists, and organizations to ensure that our research has impact. If two brains are in identical states, are there two numerically distinct phenomenal experiences or only one? In het werk uit 2008 "Global Catastrophic Risks", bieden de redacteuren Bostrom en Cirkovic een gedetailleerde taxonomie van existentiële risico's, en verschillende artikelen koppelen existentiële risico's aan waarnemerselectie-effecten[8] en de Fermi-paradox.[9]. A review/commentary on The Fountain of Youth (Oxford University Press, 2004). Fictional interview of an uploaded dog by Larry King. We evaluate this argument. Although many in the academic world take it as axiomatic that discovering and publishing truths is good, this assumption may be incorrect; certainly it may admit of exceptions. Omdat H zo'n grote waarde heeft, zal ten minste een van de drie onderstaande benaderingen waar zijn: Dit artikel of een eerdere versie ervan is een (gedeeltelijke) vertaling van het artikel Nick Bostrom op de Engelstalige Wikipedia, dat onder de licentie Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen valt. A self-undermining variant of the Newcomb problem. Veiled in the mist of naïve speculation Technology is a theme in much of my work (and that of the FHI) because it is plausible that the long-term outcomes for our civilization depend sensitively on how we handle the introduction of certain transformative capabilities. Superintelligence was published in 2014, and it's already had time to become a cult classic. Altering an individual identity affects their personal story, development and mental capabilities. Voor de sterke versie kan het corresponderen met alle waarnemermomenten in het multiversum. Distraction and Vanity temporarily lowered: a good time for Philosophizing. Gazing over to the other side Shows how this limitation can be overcome by using data on planet formation rates. This paper looks in detail at this question and suggests that there can be a fractional (non-integer) number of qualitatively identical experiences. Of what was there before us I stopped writing poetry after this, although I've had a few relapses in the English language. Concept describing a kind of social structure. We also work on biotechnology (both for its human enhancement applications and because of biosecurity concerns), nanotechnology, surveillance technology, and a bunch of other potential developments that could alter fundamental parameters of the human condition. [7] Hij definieert een existentieel risico als één waarin een "negatieve uitkomst ofwel het van aarde afkomstige intelligente leven vernietigt ofwel haar potentieel permanent en drastisch inperkt." Is aggregative ethics doomed? Twenty-six leading experts look at the gravest risks facing humanity in the 21st century, including natural catastrophes, nuclear war, terrorism, global warming, biological weapons, totalitarianism, advanced nanotechnology, general artificial intelligence, and social collapse. Co-authored with Milan M. Cirkovic. It also describes some of the theoretical and practical challenges posed by various existential risks and suggests a new way of thinking about the ideal of sustainability. De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie. Is there a level of technology at which civilization gets destroyed by default? Discusses the Fermi paradox, and explains why I hope we find no signs of life, whether extinct or still thriving, on Mars or anywhere else we look. Brief History of the Human Genome Project. 15-minute audio interview explaining the simulation argument. I often feel like I’m frozen in an ice block of inhibition because of reflections of this sort. Humans are relatively expensive but absolutely cheap. the fact that cars in the other lane seem to be getting ahead faster than you? Analyzes factors that determine level of risk in the Nash equilibrium. What are the key steps the UK should take to maximise its resilience to natural hazards and malicious threats? Examines the implications of recent evidence for a cosmological constant for the prospects of indefinite information processing in the multiverse. Deze gedachte kan getraceerd worden tot Plato, wiens werk ten grondslag ligt aan het lichaam-geest dualisme van Descartes. So, with apologies for being late getting to the party, here's my two cents. Summarizing some of the key issues and offering policy recommendations for a "smart policy" on biomedical methods of enhancing cognitive performance. Drugs can be used to treat more than disease. We conclude with a discussion of the challenges for public policy and regulation created by present and anticipated methods for cognitive enhancement. We tend to work on problems that the rest of academia ignores either because the problems are not yet recognized as important or because it is unclear how one could conceivably go about doing research on them; and we try to advance understanding of them to the point where it becomes possible for a larger intellectual community to engage with them productively. Remarkably, relatively little serious work has been done in this important area. Imaginary dialogue, set in the year 2050, in which three pundits debate the big issues of their time. Bibsys: 3018206Biblioteca Nacional de España: XX5602520Bibliothèque nationale de France: cb15907251j (data)Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya: a12306137DBLP: 25/6200Gemeinsame Normdatei: 135992451International Standard Name Identifier: 0000 0001 2276 1693Library of Congress Control Number: n2001093242Nationale Bibliotheek van Letland: 000210401Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië: jx20100831002Nationale Bibliotheek van Polen: A34111323Nederlandse Thesaurus van Auteursnamen Persoon ID: 316337250LIBRIS: 326553Système universitaire de documentation: 129852945Virtual International Authority File: 7723572 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 7723572, Human Genetic Enhancements: A Transhumanist Perspective Journal of Value Inquiry, Vol. Presents two theses, the orthogonality thesis and the instrumental convergence thesis, that help understand the possible range of behavior of superintelligent agents—also pointing to some potential dangers in building such an agent. If you're interested, please see: https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/vacancies/. www.simulation-argument.com—Devoted to the question, "Are you living in a computer simulation? Game theory model of a technology race to develop AI. Director, Future of Humanity Institute. 37, No. For instance, if the world is vulnerable in some way, it may or may not be desirable to describe the precise way it is so. Bostrom heeft echter betoogd dat dit niet het geval is en dat er empirische redenen zijn waarom de 'simulatiehypothese' geldig zou zijn. My view is that the Doomsday argument is inconclusive—although not for any trivial reason. In fact, I believe it is likely that we are overlooking one or more crucial considerations: ideas or arguments that might plausibly reveal the need for not just some minor course adjustment in our endeavours but a major change of direction or priority. A poetry cycle… in Swedish, unfortunately. 1. My research seeks to contribute to this by answering particular sub-questions or by developing conceptual tools that help us think about such questions more clearly. A number of other consequences of this result are also discussed. A vision of the future from the future. It can lead to augmentation. This paper elaborates the concept of existential risk and its relation to basic issues in axiology and develops an improved classification scheme for such risks. Human Enhancement. Bostroms wiskundige ontwikkeling laat zien dat het kiezen van een te brede of te smalle referentieklase tot contra-intuïtieve resultaten leidt; hij is echter niet in staat om een perfecte keuze voor te schrijven. One might be tempted to account for this by invoking Murphy's Law ("If anything can go wrong, it will", discovered by Edward A. Murphy, Jr, in 1949). On the bank at the end But there is an alternative explanation, based on observational selection effects…. On the future of "human identity" in relation to information and communication technologies, automation and robotics, and biotechnology and medicine. This paper argues that at least one of the following propositions is true: (1) the human species is very likely to go extinct before reaching the posthuman stage; (2) any posthuman civilization is extremely unlikely to run significant number of simulations or (variations) of their evolutionary history; (3) we are almost certainly living in a computer simulation. (The FHI is a multidisciplinary university research centre; it is also home to the Centre for the Governance of Artificial Intelligence and to teams working on AI safety, biosecurity, macrostrategy, and various other technology or foundational questions.) Two, I argue. An advanced Introduction to observation selection theory and its application to the cosmological fine-tuning problem. Much of my work (and that of the Future of Humanity Institute) operates in such a pre-paradigm environment. Such systems can be difficult to enhance. This paper discusses some of the ethical and policy issues raised by anticipated technological revolutions, such as nanotechnology. I refer to this as “macrostrategy”: the study of how long-term outcomes for humanity may be connected to present-day actions. Nick Bostrom He is the author of some 200 publications, including Anthropic Bias, Global Catastrophic Risks, Human Enhancement, and, most recently, the book … Those seeking to make the world better should therefore take it as important to get to the bottom of these matters, or else to find some way of dealing wisely with our cluelessness if it is inescapable. After some definitions and conceptual clarification, I argue for two theses. This book presented the first mathematical theory for how to correct for these biases. This paper explores some dystopian scenarios where freewheeling evolutionary developments, while continuing to produce complex and intelligent forms of organization, lead to the gradual elimination of all forms of being worth caring about. After disentangling several different concepts of dignity, this essay focuses on the idea of dignity as a quality (a kind of excellence admitting of degrees). I have also originated or contributed to the development of ideas such as the simulation argument, existential risk, transhumanism, information hazards, superintelligence strategy, astronomical waste, crucial considerations, observation selection effects in cosmology and other contexts of self-locating belief, anthropic shadow, the unilateralist’s curse, the parliamentary model of decision-making under normative uncertainty, the notion of a singleton, the vulnerable world hypothesis, along with a number of analyses of future technological capabilities and concomitant ethical issues, risks, and opportunities. How Hard is AI? When driving on the motorway, have you ever wondered about (and cursed!) Hij is bekend voor zijn werk aan het existentieel risico, antropisch principe en de simulatiehypothese. A 130-page report on the technological prerequisites for whole brain emulation (aka "mind uploading"). Superintelligence is out in paperback. Yet regarding macrostrategy, the situation is far from obvious. Cognitive enhancement comes in many diverse forms. De belangrijkste ambiguïteit is echter de keuze van de geschikte "referentieklasse". A long-form feature profile of me, by Raffi Khatchadourian. Those who seek the advancement of science should focus more on scientific research that facilitates further research across a wide range of domains—particularly cognitive enhancement. Analyse van een waarnemers-ervaring in een opeenvolging van "waarnemer-momenten" helpt om bepaalde paradoxen te voorkomen. Geen beschaving, die de bovengenoemde technologische status zal bereiken, zal een aanzienlijk aantal gesimuleerde realiteiten in gang zetten; dit om een aantal mogelijke redenen, zoals het prioriteren van computationele rekenkracht voor andere taken, ethische overwegingen aangaande het "gevangen houden" van zelfbewuste entiteiten in gesimuleerde realiteiten, enz. But transhumanism has emerged gradually as a distinctive outlook, with no one person being responsible for its present shape. Overview of ethical issues raised by the possibility of creating intelligent machines. Questions relate both to ensuring such machines do not harm humans and to the moral status of the machines themselves. Such hazards are often subtler than direct physical threats, and, as a consequence, are easily overlooked. For example, a few years ago, AI alignment fell into this category: hardly anybody thought it was important, and it seemed like the kind of thing a science fiction author might write novels about but that there was no way to study scientifically. How much easier things would be if one could have had a guarantee that all one’s outputs would be either positive or neutral, and one could go full blast! In 2004 was hij met James Hughes mede-oprichter van het Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies. Nick Bostrom is a Swedish-born philosopher and polymath with a background in theoretical physics, computational neuroscience, logic, and artificial intelligence, as well as philosophy. HGP at the start. Elke entiteit met een aan ons vergelijkbare verzameling van ervaringen leeft vrijwel zeker in een simulatie. Failure to consider observation selection effects result in a kind of bias that infest many branches of science and philosophy. Nick Bostrom & Julian Savulescu (Oxford University Press, 2009)] Enhancement Ethics: The State of the Debate. Les transhumanistes considèrent certains aspects de la condition humaine tels que le handicap, la souffrance, la maladie, le vieillissement ou la mort comme indésirables. The argument does not necessarily come from the idea of improving the individual but rather changing who they are and becoming someone new. Zie de bewerkingsgeschiedenis aldaar. ", Response to 2009 Edge Question: "What will change everything? [5], In 1998 was Bostrom met David Pearce mede-oprichter van de World Transhumanist Association[2] (dat sindsdien zijn naam in Humanity+ heeft veranderd). By now, it has emerged as a bona fide research field, with people writing code and equations and making incremental progress. Hij werd in 2009 genoemd in de toplijst van het tijdschrift, Foreign Policy van wereldwijde denkers als erkenning voor het "niet accepteren van grenzen aan het menselijk potentieel"[6], Bostrom is ingegaan op de filosofische vraag van de lange termijn overleving van de mensheid. Examines the risk from physics experiments and natural events to the local fabric of spacetime. Information hazards are risks that arise from the dissemination or the potential dissemination of true information that may cause harm or enable some agent to cause harm. The Game of Life—And Looking for Generators. ... Bostrom … Brief paper, critiques a host of bioconservative pundits who believe that enhancing human capacities and extending human healthspan would undermine our dignity. Zijn werk is in meer dan 20 talen vertaald. For more background, see profiles in e.g. He is recipient of a Eugene R. Gannon Award, and has been listed on Foreign Policy’s Top 100 Global Thinkers list twice. Foreword by Lord Martin Rees. Existential risks are those that threaten the entire future of humanity. He is the author of some 200 publications, including Anthropic Bias (2002), Global Catastrophic Risks (2008), Human Enhancement (2009), and Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (2014), a New York Times bestseller which helped spark a global conversation about artificial intelligence.
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