(Turkish: Haydi Kızlar Okula!). [410], During a televised press conference he was asked if he believed a presidential system was possible in a unitary state. [34][35][36] The two successive losses were considered to be significant defeats for Erdoğan, who had once said that if his party "lost Istanbul, we would lose Turkey". Erdoğan accompagne avec une déclaration en disant qu’il salue “les frères” et dénonce “l’influence corruptrice de l’Occident“. [168], Erdoğan has said that Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan should apologize for calling on school children to re-occupy eastern Turkey. [178], Their relationship worsened at the 2009 World Economic Forum conference over Israel's actions during the Gaza War. [1][47][48] Fenerbahçe wanted him to transfer to the club but his father prevented it. [217], In the 2019 local elections, the ruling party AKP lost control of Istanbul and Ankara for the first time in 25 years, as well as 5 of Turkey's 6 largest cities. On 1 July 2014, Erdoğan was named the AKP's presidential candidate in the Turkish presidential election. Les Turcs ont découvert de nouveaux motifs de satisfaction dans les offensives diplomatiques de leur Premier ministre qui en ont fait, au moins pour Herodote.net, la personnalité de l'année 2010  (rapprochement avec l'Iran ou encore le Brésil, tentative de briser le blocus de Gaza, soutien au Syrien Assad etc). Cumhuriyet journalists were detained in November 2016 after a long-standing crackdown on the newspaper. Beaucoup de Turcs, au tournant du siècle, fondaient leurs espoirs sur la générosité de l'Union européenne. [55] One quarter of the curriculum of İmam Hatip schools involves study of the Qurʼān, the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the Arabic language. Namer, roi de la Haute-Égypte, a unifié les royaumes rivaux de la vallée du Nil vers 3100 av. [201] Following a greatly improved security situation in Mogadishu in mid-2011, the Turkish government also re-opened its foreign embassy with the intention of more effectively assisting in the post-conflict development process. "The CIA World Factbook 2015", Skyhorse Publishing, p. 753. erdogan-urges-sarksyan-to-apologize-for-occupation-remarks.html |title=Erdoğan urges Sarksyan to apologize for occupation remarks |publisher=Todayszaman.com |date=2011-07-27 |access-date=2013-01-07}}, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, Leader of the Justice and Development Party, Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War, failed military coup d'état attempt in July 2016, Early life and career of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan university diploma controversy, Electoral history of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, scheduled a new election for 9 February 2003, mass killings of up to 1.5 million Armenians during World War I, laws on the sale and consumption of alcohol, Civil–military relations during the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government, Foreign policy of the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan government, Countries visited by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, accession of Turkey to the European Union, his first overseas bilateral meeting to Turkey, 2014 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan presidential campaign, 2018 Recep Tayyip Erdoğan presidential campaign, comprehensive purges of independent media, Foreign trips made by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, send the millions of refugees in Turkey to EU, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, National Intelligence Organization of Turkey, allegations of Turkish collaboration with the Islamic State, 2014 National Intelligence Organisation lorry scandal, international military intervention against ISIL, 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, Turkey's media purge after the failed July 2016 coup d'état, List of honorary doctorates awarded to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan", "An Acoustic Approach to 'Ğ' Sound in Turkish", "Phonetics and phonology of soft 'g' in Turkish", "OVERCOMING CENSORSHIP WITH CREATIVE TACTICS THE TV SERIES LEYLA ILE MECNUN AS A CULT SERIES OF THE YOUTH CULTURE IN TURKEY", "Turkey's Davutoglu expected to be a docile Prime Minister with Erdogan calling the shots", "Is there still hope for Turkish democracy? 31 janvier 2019 5 minutes de lecture. [308], As of 2015, Turkey began openly supporting the Army of Conquest,[309] a coalition of Syrian rebel groups that included al-Nusra Front and Ahrar al-Sham. Erdoğan was a 40-year-old dark horse candidate who had been mocked by the mainstream media and treated as a country bumpkin by his opponents. The AKP won 34.3% of the national vote and formed the new government. Erdoğan's government satisfied the budgetary and market requirements of the two during his administration and received every loan installment, the only time any Turkish government has done so. The growth in real GDP between 2002 and 2012 was higher than the values from developed countries, but was close to average when developing countries are also taken into account. Erdoğan is co-founder of United Nations Alliance of Civilizations (AOC). He has since been tackling, but also accused of contributing to, the Turkish currency and debt crisis of 2018, which has caused a significant decline in his popularity[30][31] and is widely believed to have contributed to the results of the 2019 local elections, in which the ruling party lost control of Ankara and Istanbul for the first time in 15 years. [94][95][96] In 2005, Erdoğan and the main opposition party leader Deniz Baykal wrote a letter to Armenian President Robert Kocharian, proposing the creation of a joint Turkish-Armenian commission. [65], He was pragmatic in office, tackling many chronic problems in Istanbul including water shortage, pollution and traffic chaos. [287], In December 2017, President Erdoğan issued a warning to Donald Trump, after the U.S. President acknowledged Jerusalem as Israel's capital. [139] Before his prime ministership the military received the highest share of the national budget. [343] Reportedly, no government official was arrested or harmed, which, among other factors, raised the suspicion of a false flag event staged by the government itself. [289] Erdoğan called Israel a "terrorist state". [22] Erdogan's rule has been marked with increasing authoritarianism, expansionism, censorship and banning of parties or dissent. 4 November 2010: Golden Medal of Independence, an award conferred upon Kosovo citizens and foreigners that have contributed to the independence of Kosovo. Erdoğan was accused by his critics of having a 'soft corner' for ISIS. Subsequently, Reporters Without Borders called Erdoğan an "enemy of press freedom" and said that he "hides his aggressive dictatorship under a veneer of democracy".[240]. Ses élites, à Instanbul et Ankara, rêvent à haute voix d'une prochaine entrée dans l'Union européenne, comme la Grèce voisine, rivale jalousée. Within his Virtue Party, there was a dispute about the appropriate discourse of the party between traditional politicians and pro-reform politicians. [226][227] Since the AOÇ is protected land, several court orders were issued to halt the construction of the new palace, though building work went on nonetheless. Erdoğan became a prominent speaker at demonstrations held by his party colleagues. [156] The reform program aimed at increasing the ratio of private to state-run healthcare, which, along with long queues in state-run hospitals, resulted in the rise of private medical care in Turkey, forcing state-run hospitals to compete by increasing quality. A failed military coup d'état attempt in July 2016 resulted in further purges and a state of emergency. I remember how you killed the children on beaches..." Upon the moderator's reminder that they needed to adjourn for dinner, Erdoğan left the panel, accusing the moderator of giving Peres more time than all the other panelists combined. [285] However, in response to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Erdoğan accused Israel of being "more barbaric than Hitler",[286] and conducting "state terrorism" and a "genocide attempt" against the Palestinians. [82] The party escaped a ban on 30 July 2008, a year after winning 46.7% of the vote in national elections, although judges did cut the party's public funding by 50%. [72] In 2017, this period of Erdoğan's life was made into a film titled Reis.[73]. On 22 July 2007, the AKP won an important victory over the opposition, garnering 46.7% of the popular vote. [271], In September 2020, Erdoğan declared his government's support for Azerbaijan following clashes between Armenian and Azeri forces over a disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh. [316], In October 2019, after Erdoğan spoke to him, U.S. President Donald Trump gave the go-ahead to the 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria, despite recently agreeing to a Northern Syria Buffer Zone. The S-400 deliveries to Turkey began on 12 July. [422] Erdoğan has undertaken a media campaign that attempts to portray the presidential family as frugal and simple-living; their palace electricity-bill is estimated at $500,000 per month. Armenia is Turkey's only neighbor which Erdoğan has not visited during his premiership. [80], The stage of the elections of 2007 was set for a fight for legitimacy in the eyes of voters between his government and the CHP. Holding this position until 1980, he served as consultant and senior executive in the private sector during the era following the 1980 military coup when political parties were closed down. [179] Erdoğan was interrupted by the moderator while he was responding to Peres. Encore instable et fragile, la Turquie kémaliste joue à fond la carte occidentale. Année après année, quelques centaines de milliers d'Africains et d'Orientaux traversent le pays avec la complaisance des autorités qui les poussent vers la frontière grecque. [76] Erdoğan announced on 24 April 2007 that the party had nominated Abdullah Gül as the AKP candidate in the presidential election. Within the group, Erdoğan was distinguished by his oratorical skills, developing a penchant for public speaking and excelling in front of an audience. [387] Initially converted to a mosque by the Ottomans, the building had then been designated as a museum by the government since 1934. [177] The President of Israel Shimon Peres addressed the Turkish parliament during a visit in 2007, the first time an Israeli leader had addressed the legislature of a predominantly Muslim nation. [372], Early during his premiership, Erdoğan was praised as a role model for emerging Middle Eastern nations due to several reform packages initiated by his government which expanded religious freedoms and minority rights as part of accession negotiations with the European Union. [412], Erdoğan has been criticised for his politicisation of the media, especially after the 2013 protests. The British newspaper The Times commented that between 2 and 4 July, the state-owned media channel TRT gave 204 minutes of coverage to Erdoğan's campaign and less than a total of 3 minutes to both his rivals. [292], Amid allegations of Turkish collaboration with the Islamic State, the 2014 Kobanî protests broke out near the Syrian border city of Kobanî, in protest against the government's perceived facilitation of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant during the Siege of Kobanî. [318] Rejecting criticism of the invasion, Erdoğan claimed that NATO and European Union countries "sided with terrorists, and all of them attacked us". [158], Turkish foreign policy during Erdoğan's tenure as prime minister has been associated with the name of Ahmet Davutoğlu. Coming from an Islamist political background and self-describing as a conservative democrat, he has promoted socially conservative and populist policies during his administration.[7][8][9]. [394] In February 2015, a 13-year-old was testified by a prosecutor after allegedly insulting Erdoğan on Facebook. With it, Erdoğan bought postcards and resold them on the street. [337] In the first nine months of 2018, Venezuela's gold exports to Turkey rose from zero in the previous year to US$900 million. [294][295] Asserting that aid to the Kurdish-majority People's Protection Units (YPG) fighters in Syria would assist the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) (then on ceasefire) in Turkey, Erdoğan held bilateral talks with Barack Obama regarding IS during the 5–6 September 2014 NATO summit in Newport, Wales. Une lettre pour tous les passionnés d'Histoire, Plaque tournante de l'immigration vers l'Europe, Publié ou mis à jour le : 2021-02-04 16:44:42. Ce courant orientalisant était déjà manifeste dans l'exposition « De Byzance à Istanbul », qui s'est tenue en 2009 au Grand Palais, à Paris. [375], As President, Erdoğan has overseen a revival of Ottoman tradition, greeting Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas with an Ottoman-style ceremony in the new presidential palace, with guards dressed in costumes representing founders of 16 Great Turkish Empires in history. Dès le début des années 2000, on assiste au retour en force d'un « néo-ottomanisme » qui magnifie le passé ottoman et la prise de Constantinople par les Turcs (29 mai 1453). Le revers de cette modernisation est la montée de la corruption, jusque dans l'entourage du Premier ministre et président. ", "Erdogan's IMF Aversion, Budget Raise Business Qualms", "Turkey's flirting with IMF comes to an end", "Enflasyon 2009'u 39 yılın 'dibinde' bitirdi", "Erdogan Proving Right as Debt Ratings Go Unheeded: Turkey Credit", "Turkey Continues Its Reform of Labor And Employment Laws Despite Waning Enthusiasm For EU Membership", "Compulsory education to be increased to 12 years in Turkey", "Haydi Kızlar Okula! Its introduction coincided with the period of sustained economic growth, allowing the Turkish government to put greater investments into the healthcare system. When it comes to killing you know it too well. [303][304], In 2015, there were consistent allegations that Erdoğan maintained financial links with the Islamic State, including allegation of his son-in-law Berat Albayrak's involvement with oil production and smuggling in ISIL. [229] The project was subject to heavy criticism and allegations were made; of corruption during the construction process, wildlife destruction and the complete obliteration of the zoo in the AOÇ in order to make way for the new compound. Regardless, Erdoğan's close relations with Fethullah Gülen and his Cemaat Movement allowed his government to maintain a degree of influence within the judiciary through Gülen's supporters in high judicial and bureaucratic offices. [406], Several judicial officials removed from their posts said that they had been removed due to their secularist credentials. [152], In May 2007, the head of Turkey's High Court asked prosecutors to consider whether Erdoğan should be charged over critical comments regarding the election of Abdullah Gül as president. [323], Over time, Turkey began to look for ways to buy its own missile defense system and also to use that procurement to build up its own capacity to manufacture and sell an air and missile defense system. Aslı Erdoğan, Même le silence n’est plus à toi, recueil de vingt-sept chroniques traduites du turc par Julien Lapeyre de Cabanes, à paraître aux éditions Actes Sud le 4 janvier 2017. [161] Erdoğan was named "The European of the Year 2004" by the newspaper European Voice for the reforms in his country in order to accomplish the accession of Turkey to the European Union. The Turkish parliament approved this measure. [290] Naftali Bennett dismissed the threats, claiming "Erdoğan does not miss an opportunity to attack Israel". In protest, Erdoğan recalled the Turkish ambassador from the Vatican, and summoned the Vatican's ambassador, to express "disappointment" at what he called a discriminatory message. Erdoğan would later comment on these competitions as "enhancing our courage to speak in front of the masses".[56]. [252], In April 2017 Erdoğan successfully sponsored legislation effectively making it illegal for the Turkish legislative branch to investigate his executive branch of government. [57][58][59], Erdoğan married Emine Gülbaran (b. Fort de sa popularité, Erdoğan met l'armée au pas. [200], Erdoğan's administration maintains strong ties with the Somali government. That they couldn't have both. Erdoğan used the event that took place during the ill-fated Presidential elections a few months earlier as a part of the general election campaign of his party. [205] After the police's intense reaction with tear gas, the protests grew each day. In December 2018, Erdoğan visited Venezuela for the first time and expressed his will to build strong relations with Venezuela and expressed hope that high-level visits "will increasingly continue. The post of Prime Minister would be abolished, and the presidency would become an executive post vested with broad executive powers. Erdoğan's 'purge' was widely questioned and criticised by the European Union. The pro-reform politicians realized that a strictly Islamic party would never be accepted as a governing party by the state apparatus and they believed that an Islamic party did not appeal to more than about 20 percent of the Turkish electorate. Maybe you are feeling guilty and that is why you are raising your voice. The move was seen as a historic change since the Çankaya Mansion had been used as the iconic office of the presidency ever since its inception. [74], The elections of 2002 were the first elections in which Erdoğan participated as a party leader. ", "Gülen acquitted of trying to overthrow secular government", "T.C. 29 June 2010: 2010 World Family Award from the World Family Organization which operates under the umbrella of the United Nations. [188], In response to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, Erdoğan accused Israel of conducting "state terrorism" and a "genocide attempt" against the Palestinians. [23][24][25][26][27][28], As a long-standing proponent of changing Turkey's parliamentary system of government into an executive presidency,[29] Erdoğan formed an alliance with the far-right Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) to establish an executive presidency in 2017, where the changes were accepted in a constitutional referendum. [350], The rise of ISIS and the collapse of the Kurdish peace process had led to a sharp rise in terror incidents in Turkey until 2016. Ainsi la Turquie, prétendûment candidate à l'Union, impose-t-elle un climat de guerre avec l'un des États de cette Union... Il modernise la Turquie avec un doublement du Produit Intérieur Brut et du revenu par habitant depuis 2002. Guns and violence will become the sole alternative for legally expressing free thought". Although all were quickly released, nearly half were fired from their jobs, eliciting a denunciation from Turkey's Science Academy for such "wrong and disturbing" treatment. [414] Several opposition journalists such as Soner Yalçın were controversially arrested as part of the Ergenekon trials and Sledgehammer coup investigation. [143] During Erdoğan's Premiership, the number of universities in Turkey nearly doubled, from 98 in 2002 to 186 in October 2012. [416], Notable cases of media censorship occurred during the 2013 anti-government protests, when the mainstream media did not broadcast any news regarding the demonstrations for three days after they began. [326] Out of the F-35, Turkey now considers buying Russian fifth-generation jet fighter Su-57. [319], Bilateral trade between Turkey and China increased from $1 billion a year in 2002 to $27 billion annually in 2017. [376] While serving as the Prime Minister of Turkey, Erdoğan's AKP made references to the Ottoman era during election campaigns, such as calling their supporters 'grandsons of Ottomans' (Osmanlı torunu). [335], Relations with Venezuela were strengthened with recent developments and high level mutual visits. [341][342], On 15 July 2016, a coup d'état was attempted by the military, with aims to remove Erdoğan from government. The dramatically changing nature of Turkish democracy", "Reporters Without Borders labels Erdogan as 'enemy of press freedom, "Turkey determined to control social media platforms, Erdogan says", Turkey declares a state of emergency for three months, Turkey's parliament approves state of emergency, "Erdogan derailing Turkey's promising future", "Turkey orders 70 army officers detained over Gulen links", Erdoğan wants to silence all opposition media, Record number of journalists jailed as Turkey, China, Egypt pay scant price for repression, "Turkey suspends more than 15,000 education workers in widening purge", Turkey’s bleak media scene: Arrests, closures and closed trials, Erdoğan referendum threatens democracy in Turkey, Turkey's Vote Makes Erdoğan Effectively a Dictator, Ertug Tombus, "The Fall of Turkish Democracy". Il a publié chez Flammarion plusieurs manuels d'Histoire, régulièrement réédités : Chronologie universelle, Les grandes dates de l'Histoire de France... Passionné d'Histoire depuis la petite enfance, notre directeur de la rédaction a suivi une maîtrise d'Histoire à l'université de Toulouse en parallèle avec des études d'ingénieur à l'École centrale de Lyon (1973-1976). Turk-Saudi trade volume has exceeded US$ 3.2 billion in 2006, almost double the figure achieved in 2003. Central Intelligence Agency. [165] Negotiations about a possible EU membership came to a standstill in 2009 and 2010, when Turkish ports were closed to Cypriot ships as a consequence of the economic isolation of the internationally unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and the failure of the EU to end the isolation, as it had promised in 2004. [277][278], On 26 November 2019, an earthquake struck the Durrës region of Albania. [71] He had appealed for the sentence to be converted to a monetary fine, but it was reduced to 120 days instead. I, however, won 52%". He administered the new Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu's oath on 29 August. The main opposition party CHP was not interested in altering the Constitution on a big scale, making it impossible to form a Constitutional Commission (Anayasa Uzlaşma Komisyonu). [246], In August 2016, Erdoğan began rounding up journalists who had been publishing, or who were about to publish articles questioning corruption within the Erdoğan administration, and incarcerating them. [298] Erdoğan angrily responded, "Biden has to apologize for his statements" adding that if no apology is made, Biden would become "history to me." En 2010, ils ont découvert un peuple « fier et sûr de lui », qui défiait les Occidentaux en débattant avec le Brésil et l'Iran de l'avenir nucléaire de ce dernier (17 mai 2010) puis jetait aux orties son amitié avec Israël et défiait l'État hébreu en tentant de forcer le blocus de Gaza avec une flottille « humanitaire » (31 mai 2010). Physicienne de formation, elle a un grand souci éthique. [420], Erdoğan also tightened controls over the Internet, signing into law a bill which allows the government to block websites without prior court order on 12 September 2014. He also won two successful constitutional referendums in 2007 and 2010. [176], Erdoğan visited Israel on 1 May 2005, a gesture unusual for a leader of a Muslim majority country. [378] Many critics have thus accused Erdoğan of wanting to become an Ottoman sultan and abandon the secular and democratic credentials of the Republic. ", Kirişci, Kemal, and Amanda Sloat. Il impose l'élection au suffrage universel du président de la République, contre l'avis de l'armée. José Meidinger José Meidinger Catégorie : Editoriaux. The term Erdoğanism first emerged shortly after Erdoğan's 2011 general election victory, where it was predominantly described as the AKP's liberal economic and conservative democratic ideals fused with Erdoğan demagoguery and cult of personality. His candidacy was announced by the Deputy President of the AKP, Mehmet Ali Şahin. Erdoğan est de ces écrivains, investis corps et âme, qui font de l’écriture une lutte perpétuelle pour la dignité humaine. "Facebook, Twitter and Whatsapp blocked in Turkey after arrest of opposition leaders", "CHP deputy Tanrıkulu slams internet cuts in eastern, southeastern Turkey", "Turkey-Armenia friendship symbol being demolished", "LGBT Initiative from Prime Minister Erdoğan! [177] During his trip, Erdoğan visited the Yad Vashem, Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust. Qui plus est, la laïcité turque reste toute relative. Rappelons que la diaspora turque en … The Girls' Education Campaign in Turkey", "Şahin: Üniversite Sayısı 186'ya Ulaştı haberi", "PM Erdoğan realizes a world's first in education", "Turkey will stop teaching evolution in schools, education ministry says", "Başbakan Erdoğan'dan gece yarısı mesajı", "Duble yollar uzadı; kaza ve ölümler yüzde 50 azaldı", "High-speed train begins its first travel btw Ankara-Eskişehir", "Turkey opens new bridge over the Bosporus | DW | 26.08.2016", "Rift deepens between government, top court with PM's heavy criticism", "Why Turkey's military is not what it used to be", "Transforming Turkey's Health System – Lessons for Universal Coverage", "Social security law finally passes in Parliament", "Turkish foreign policy: from status quo to soft power", "EU enlargement past, present and future", "Turkish Foreign Minister's visit to Athens – Greek-Turkish agreement on confidence-building measures", "EU pays the price for admitting Cyprus: Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan", "Turkey says Armenian top court's ruling on protocols not acceptable", "Turkey, Russia eye strategic partnership in Medvedev visit", "Turkey rejects U.S. troop proposal - Mar. Il donne aussi quelques gages à l'Europe en abolissant la peine de mort mais se montre ferme sur la question chypriote. It was inaugurated on the 90th anniversary of the Turkish Republic 29 October 2013. In April 2014, the President of the Constitutional Court, Haşim Kılıç, accused Erdoğan of damaging the credibility of the judiciary, labelling Erdoğan's attempts to increase political control over the courts as 'desperate'. The early years of Erdoğan's tenure as prime minister saw advances in negotiations for Turkey's membership of the European Union, an economic recovery following a financial crash in 2001 and investments in infrastructure including roads, airports, and a high-speed train network. Erdoğan could not become Prime Minister as he was still banned from politics by the judiciary for his speech in Siirt. ", Yavuz, M. Hakan. [101][102], In 2011, Erdoğan ordered the tearing-down of the Statue of Humanity, a Turkish–Armenian friendship monument in Kars, which was commissioned in 2006 and represented a metaphor of the rapprochement of the two countries after many years of dispute over the events of 1915. In the same year, he became the head of the Beyoğlu youth branch of the Islamist National Salvation Party (MSP),[63] and was later promoted to chair of the Istanbul youth branch of the party. [373] However, his government underwent several crises including the Sledgehammer coup and the Ergenekon trials, corruption scandals, accusations of media intimidation, as well as the pursuit of an increasingly polarizing political agenda; the opposition accused the government of inciting political hatred throughout the country. [144], The Prime Minister kept his campaign promises by starting the Fatih project in which all state schools, from preschool to high school level, received a total of 620,000 smart boards, while tablet computers were distributed to 17 million students and approximately one million teachers and administrators. Erdoğan was accused of creating a rift with Turkey's highest court of appeal, the Yargıtay, and high administrative court, the Danıştay. [140] In 2003, the Turkish government, together with UNICEF, initiated a campaign called "Come on girls, [let's go] to school!" The government's plan, supported by the European Union, intended to allow the Kurdish language to be used in all broadcast media and political campaigns, and restored Kurdish names to cities and towns that had been given Turkish ones.
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