NASA is targeting no earlier than Sunday, April 11, for Ingenuity Mars Helicopter’s first attempt at powered, controlled flight on another planet. Detailed scenarios for the metabolism and chemical cycles for a functional ecosystem have been published. The mission is the first successful Asian interplanetary mission. It is known that in the past, Mars has had a much more circular orbit. [168], The shield volcano Olympus Mons (Mount Olympus) is an extinct volcano in the vast upland region Tharsis, which contains several other large volcanoes. [268][269][270][271][272][273], The mean apparent magnitude of Mars is +0.71 with a standard deviation of 1.05. [309], Even in the 1960s, articles were published on Martian biology, putting aside explanations other than life for the seasonal changes on Mars. The history of observations of Mars is marked by the oppositions of Mars when the planet is closest to Earth and hence is most easily visible, which occur every couple of years. [117] More recent evidence for liquid water comes from the finding of the mineral gypsum on the surface by NASA's Mars rover Opportunity in December 2011. [50] The adjectival form of Latin Mars is Martius,[51] which provides the English words Martian, used as an adjective or for a putative inhabitant of Mars, and Martial, used as an adjective corresponding to Terrestrial for Earth. The closest distance between Earth and Mars will continue to mildly decrease for the next 25,000 years. Elle tourne sur elle-même en 1 jour. As bigger telescopes were used, fewer long, straight canali were observed. [113], Further evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars comes from the detection of specific minerals such as hematite and goethite, both of which sometimes form in the presence of water. Every 15 to 17 years, Mars comes into opposition near its perihelion. "Dena" is the only exception; its floor is visible and was measured to be 130 metres (430 ft) deep. Mars is located closer to the asteroid belt, so it has an increased chance of being struck by materials from that source. The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to 30 °C (54 °F). Mars is the site of Olympus Mons, the largest volcano and highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System, and of Valles Marineris, one of the largest canyons in the Solar System. [282] The last Mars opposition occurred on 13 October 2020, at a distance of about 63 million km (39 million mi). [15], Mars has a relatively pronounced orbital eccentricity of about 0.09; of the seven other planets in the Solar System, only Mercury has a larger orbital eccentricity. The many failures in Mars exploration probes resulted in a satirical counter-culture blaming the failures on an Earth-Mars "Bermuda Triangle", a "Mars Curse", or a "Great Galactic Ghoul" that feeds on Martian spacecraft. In recent decades, the high-resolution mapping of the surface of Mars, culminating in Mars Global Surveyor, revealed no artifacts of habitation by "intelligent" life, but pseudoscientific speculation about intelligent life on Mars continues from commentators such as Richard C. Hoagland. [263], Various phenomena seen from Earth have also been observed from Mars, such as meteors and auroras. [40][41] The two polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water. Because light does not reach the floor of most of the caves, it is possible that they extend much deeper than these lower estimates and widen below the surface. It is mostly surrounded by higher ground except on its eastern side, where there is a depression.
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