[164], For a time after the July 2009 riots, authorities placed restrictions on the internet and text messaging, gradually permitting access to state-controlled websites like Xinhua's,[165] until restoring Internet to the same level as the rest of China on 14 May 2010. [187] Professor Stanley W. Toops noted that today's demographic situation is similar to that of the early Qing period in Xinjiang. The conflict led to a reported 20.77 million deaths due to migration and war, with many refugees dying of starvation. [86] Han and Uyghurs are equally represented in Ürümqi's floating population, which works primarily in commerce. In the west, the Tian Shan split, forming the Ili River valley. Some of the salt lakes, having lost much of their fresh water inflow, are now extensively use for the production of mineral salts (used e.g., in the manufacturing of potassium fertilizers); this includes the Lop Lake and the Manas Lake. ", "Qatar refuses to certify China's human rights record on treatment of Uighur Muslims", "The "22 vs. 50" Diplomatic Split Between the West and China Over Xinjiang and Human Rights", "China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization", "Activists are urging big brands to eradicate traces of human rights abuse in Xinjiang from their supply chains", "To do a good job in Xinjiang in the new era, Xi Jinping makes arrangements again", "Dutch parliament: China's treatment of Uighurs is genocide", "Bulletin for the economy and society development in 2015", "Xinjiang Province: Economic News and Statistics for Xinjiang's Economy", "Efforts to boost 'leapfrog development' in Xinjiang", "It's time to boycott any company doing business in Xinjiang", "The Energy Industry in Xinjiang, China: Potential, Problems, and Solutions", "Xinjiang to open 2nd border trade market to Kazakhstan", "RightSite.asia – Bole Border Economic Cooperation Area", "RightSite.asia – Shihezi Border Economic Cooperation Area", "RightSite.asia – Tacheng Border Economic Cooperation Area", "RightSite.asia | Ürümqi Economic & Technological Development Zone", "RightSite.asia | Ürümqi Export Processing Zone", "RightSite.asia | Urumuqi Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone", "RightSite.asia | Yining Border Economic Cooperation Area", "News Media for Ethnic Minorities in China", "A journalist in China: Tim Hathaway writes about his experience reporting and writing for state-run 'Xinjiang Economic Daily, "Xinjiang Internet restored after 10 months", "Chinese forces kill 28 people 'responsible for Xinjiang mine attack, "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census", A meeting of civilisations: The mystery of China's Celtic mummies, "Buddhism and Islam in Asia: A Long and Complicated History", "Demographics and Development in Xinjiang after 1949", "China: Human Rights Concerns in Xinjiang", "Thousands of Xinjiang mosques destroyed or damaged, report finds", "China: Nearly two-thirds of Xinjiang mosques damaged or demolished, new report shows", Deaths From Clashes in China's Xinjiang Area Rises to 35, The Uyghurs in Xinjiang – The Malaise Grows, The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language, Policy, and Political Discourse, Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang, China, "China Sentences 9 Persons to Death for Xinjiang Attacks", "On Soviet-China Border, The Thaw Is Just A Trickle", "From Yunnan to Xinjiang : Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals", "Nationalists, Muslims Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China", "Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead", "Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia", "Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China", "False Lama – The Life and Death of Dambijantsan", "Ja Lama – The Life and Death of Dambijantsan", Gateway to Asia : Sinkiang, Frontier of the Chinese Far West, "Islamic Countries Engage with China Against the Background of Repression in Xinjiang", Before Silk: Unsolved Mysteries of the Silk Road, Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang, East Turkistan National Awakening Movement, claimed by the People's Republic of China, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xinjiang&oldid=1021471011, States and territories established in 1955, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with incomplete citations from May 2020, Articles with incomplete citations from August 2018, Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh), Articles with dead external links from May 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles containing Mongolian-language text, Articles containing Russian-language text, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles with failed verification from January 2021, Pages using image label with a wide image, Articles needing additional references from July 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2019, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Articles to be expanded from December 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 1995, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Saifuddin Azizi, the first chairman of Xinjiang, registered his strong objections to the proposed name with Mao Zedong, arguing that "autonomy is not given to mountains and rivers. Although he encouraged trade, built caravansareis, canals and other irrigation systems, his regime was considered harsh. Other major mountain ranges of Xinjiang include the Pamir Mountains and Karakoram in the southwest, the Kunlun Mountains in the south (along the border with Tibet) and the Altai Mountains in the northeast (shared with Mongolia). [3][4] The Hui Kuomintang 36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) destroyed the army of the First East Turkestan Republic at the Battle of Kashgar (1934), bringing the Republic to an end. At the beginning of the Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) the region was ruled by the Xiongnu, a powerful nomadic people based in present-day Mongolia. During the Tang dynasty, a series of expeditions were conducted against the Western Turkic Khaganate and their vassals: the oasis states of southern Xinjiang. Due to its rich Uighur culture and Turkic history, the province shares more similarities with the Central Asia than with the rest of China. In 2008, according to the Xinjiang Transportation Network Plan, the government has focused construction on State Road 314, Alar-Hotan Desert Highway, State Road 218, Qingshui River Line-Yining Highway and State Road 217, as well as other roads. (2013) Superficie : 1 664 897 17 km2 Le Xinjiang est une région autonome ouïgour située à l'extrême nord-ouest de la Chine. Xinjiang is the largest political subdivision of China, accounting for more than one sixth of China's total territory and a quarter of its boundary length. Other ethnic groups in the region are Hans, Mongols (Oirats, Daurs, Dongxiangs), Russians, Xibes, Manchus. [85] Han in Xinjiang are older, better-educated and work in higher-paying professions than their Uyghur counterparts. and scale of violence committed by members . Xinjiang consists of two main geographically, historically and ethnically distinct regions with different historical names, Dzungaria north of the Tianshan Mountains and the Tarim Basin south of the Tianshan Mountains, before Qing China unified them into one political entity called Xinjiang Province in 1884. Chinese authorities on Sunday declared the Xinjiang province in the country's far west as "wartime situation" after the region reported a sudden spike in coronavirus cases, Al Jazeera reported. [88], Xinjiang has 81 public libraries and 23 museums, compared to none in 1949. Xinjiang is in the same time zone as the rest of China, Beijing time, UTC+8. The original provincial government was relocated to Taipei as the Sinkiang Provincial Government Office (新疆省政府辦事處) until its dissolution in 1992. [136], In September 2020, the state-run Xinhua News Agency reported Xi Jinping's position as the following: "practice has proved that the party's strategy for governing Xinjiang in the new era is completely correct and must be adhered to for a long time. Religiously, the Uyghur peoples of Xinjiang follow Islam; in the large cities of Han China many are Buddhist, Taoist and Confucian, although many follow Islam as well, such as the Hui ethnic subgroup of the Han ethnicity, comprising some 10 million people. Yuan Dahua, the last Qing governor of Xinjiang, fled. All of the jade items excavated from the tomb of Fuhao of the Shang dynasty, more than 750 pieces, were from Khotan in modern Xinjiang. Xinjiang is a large, sparsely populated area, spanning over 1.6 million km2 (comparable in size to Iran), which takes up about one sixth of the country's territory. Having hot summer and low precipitation, most of Xinjiang is endorheic. [135] [214], Map showing the location of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Economic and Technological Development Zones, Hami Prefecture is currently known as Hami PLC after census; Hami CLC is currently known as, Turpan Prefecture is currently known as Turpan PLC after census; Turpan CLC is currently known as, Kokdala CLC was established from parts of, Shuanghe CLC was established from parts of, Tiemenguan CLC was established from parts of, Alashankou CLC was established from parts of. At the time of the Qing conquest in 1759, Dzungaria was inhabited by steppe dwelling, nomadic Tibetan Buddhist Dzungar people, while the Tarim Basin was inhabited by sedentary, oasis dwelling, Turkic-speaking Muslim farmers, now known as the Uyghur people. [66], After reconquering Xinjiang in the late 1870s from Yaqub Beg,[67] the Qing dynasty established Xinjiang ("new frontier") as a province in 1884[68] – making it part of China, and dropping the old names of Zhunbu (準部, Dzungar Region) and Huijiang (Muslimland). .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  Non-partisan/ unknown Sub-level divisions of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is shown in the adjacent picture and described in the table below: * – Altay Prefecture or Tacheng Prefecture are subordinate to Ili Prefecture. In general, Uyghurs are the majority in Southwestern Xinjiang, including the prefectures of Kashgar, Khotan, Kizilsu and Aksu (about 80% of Xinjiang's Uyghurs live in those four prefectures) as well as Turpan Prefecture, in Eastern Xinjiang. North of it is the Turpan Depression, which contains the lowest point in Xinjiang and in the entire PRC, at 155 meters (509 ft) below sea level. [110] In 2020, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) General Secretary Xi Jinping affirmed the party's policies in Xinjiang: "Practice has proven that the party's strategy for governing Xinjiang in the new era is completely correct. [18][19] These conflicts have prompted the Chinese government to setup internment camps in the region, attempting to force its Muslim population to abandon the faith through thought reform. Nonetheless, there is a significant amount of fishing in Lake Ulungur and Lake Bosten and in the Irtysh River. Progress in Education, Science and Technology, Culture and Health Work", State Council of the People's Republic of China, "Uyghur "separatism": China's policies in Xinjiang fuel dissent", "An al-Qaeda associate group operating in China? [83] Increased ethnic contact and labor competition coincided with Uyghur terrorism since the 1990s, such as the 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings. [151], The oil and gas extraction industry in Aksu and Karamay is growing, with the West–East Gas Pipeline linking to Shanghai. However, on 12 July, a group of 37 countries submitted a similar letter in defense of China's policies: Algeria, Angola, Bahrain, Belarus, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Comoros, Congo, Cuba, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Gabon, Kuwait, Laos, Myanmar, Nigeria, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Tajikistan, Togo, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe. [133][134], On 28 June 2020, The Associated Press published an investigative report which states that the Chinese government is taking draconian measures to slash birth rates among Uighurs and other minorities as part of a sweeping campaign to curb its Muslim population, even as it encourages some of the country's Han majority to have more children. In the south, the Southern Xinjiang Line from Turpan runs southwest along the southern footslopes of the Tian Shan into the Tarim Basin, with stops at Yanqi, Korla, Kuqa, Aksu, Maralbexi (Bachu), Artux and Kashgar. The Kara-Khanids converted to Islam. [77], The PRC autonomous region was established on 1 October 1955, replacing the province;[74] that year (the first modern census in China was taken in 1953), Uyghurs were 73 percent of Xinjiang's total population of 5.11 million. ", "Britain adds Chinese militant group to terror list", "U.S.Department of State Terrorist Exclusion List", "China accuses US of double standards as it drops ETIM from terrorism list", "Former inmates of China's Muslim 'reeducation' camps tell of brainwashing, torture", "STATEMENT BY THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNING THE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF UYGHURS AND OTHER TURKIC MUSLIMS IN XINJIANG, CHINA", Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, "China Doubles Down on Xinjiang Policy Amid Reports of Cultural Erasure", "DCP: Geographic Center of Asia (visit #1)", "The Working-Calendar for The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Government", "Boundaries, Discrimination, and Interethnic Conflict in Xinjiang, China", "China Promises Unfulfilled, An Assessment of China's National Human Rights Action Plan", "China 'holding at least 120,000 Uighurs in re-education camps, "China: Free Xinjiang 'Political Education' Detainees", "Stop Calling China's Xi Jinping 'President,' U.S. Panel Says", "37 countries rally around China at top UN human rights body", "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies? Afaq Khoja Mausoleum and Id Kah Mosque in Kashgar are most important Islamic Xinjiang sites. Crossed by the Northern Silk Road,[44] the Tarim and Dzungaria regions were known as the Western Regions. Xinjiang Province (Chinese: 新疆省; pinyin: Xīnjiāng Shěng) or Sinkiang Province refers to a former province of the Republic of China. Peter Perdue, China marches west: the Qing conquest of Central Eurasia. The Turkic Muslims of the Turfan and Kumul oases then submitted to the Qing dynasty, and asked China to free them from the Dzungars; the Qing accepted their rulers as vassals. Nonetheless, it, too, has a large Gurbantünggüt Desert (also known as Dzoosotoyn Elisen) in its center. [166][167][168], As reported by the BBC News, "China strictly controls media access to Xinjiang so reports are difficult to verify. Le Xinjiang, officiellement la Région autonome ouïghoure du Xinjiang, est l’une des cinq régions autonomes de Chine. [74] Five ETR leaders who were to negotiate with the Chinese about ETR sovereignty died in an air crash that year in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. After the Uyghur Khaganate in Mongolia was destroyed by the Kirghiz in 840, branches of the Uyghurs established themselves in Qocha (Karakhoja) and Beshbalik (near present-day Turfan and Urumchi).   Communist Party of the Soviet Union In the . In Chinese, under the Han dynasty, Xinjiang was known as Xiyu (西域), meaning "Western Regions". Auto-segregation in the city is widespread in residential concentration, employment relationships and endogamy.
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